H erectus 2-2

1.9mya to 140 kya. First by Eugene dubois java 1891.Originated from Africa and migrated.

Geo. sale morocco. Lake turkana Olduwai Swartkrans by leakey in Africa. Java indimesia narmada india sonakia. Dmanisi georgia. Zhoukudien china d black. Box grove uk.

Homo erectus biological changes

770 and 1400 cc. Thick cranial bones. Forward foraman magnum than habilis. Bipedal. No chin. Prominent browridge. Near parabolic dental arcade. Taurodontism present. Linea aspera. 5 to 5.5ft and 50kg. Mastoid process well developed. 

D everett believes used boat and language. 

Fire Zhou-Kou-Dien. 1 mya earliest fire example in swastkrans. 

Cannibalism as per hoebel

Social life. 

Engraving on tools. Maybe art. R bednarick 1994.  Didwana crystal quartz and pendant in china possible art work. 

* Increase body size from homo habilis. Heavier. Henry Mark Henry and katherine coffing - height increase by 33%. Mostly changes between 2 and 1.7 m y a.

* Body changes due to climate change and food supply. Adaptation of hunting and meat processing provide better food and nutrition.

* Pat Shipman. Olduvai gorge butchering and scavenging of animals was observed not hunting.

* Tools and social organisation allowed better food supply. So show body changed. Advance in tools and Society E due to brain expansion and complex Technology.

* Acheulian 1.8 mya. more sophisticated and made from wide variety of raw materials into greater range of tool types and functions. Different in variety raw material types and functions from Oldowan tools. Middle awash Valley of Ethiopia shows tools used to kill large animals like hippopotamus.

* Practice anthropology. Glynn Issac matched the microscopic real pattern of tools by watching the animals and they were the same as acheulian tools used by homo erectus.

* homo erectus versus habilis point reduction in teeth size. Face and jaw reduction relative to braincase. Increase brain size. Browridge increase. Thick cranial bones. Body increase size. Reduced arms in length. Increase in length. 650 versus 950 CC brain 33% increase. Brain is energy expensive and nutrition resulted from meat which is protein rich.

* Use of fire point 1 million years ago. F Berna from South Africa -Wonderwerk.

* Zhoukoudian fire evidence.  Pyre allowed expansion of humans in cold regions.cooking made easy to chew and powerful Joe and large teeth were not necessary. Therefore middle pleistocene hominin head smaller jaw and teeth. food sharing in social organisation also allowed better nutrition for all.

Homo erectus pattern of evolution.

* Skull. Long low and wide at base point thick bone and large brow ridges.

* More robust with largest and thickest cranial bones. Sagittal keel present in in African homo erectus.